General Scripts and Programming information topic.
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This infomation was collected from WIKI.
What is the meaning of this topic? Provide basic information about scripting and programming languages and eventually will be increase/added by own experience, tutorial links, websites, examples and much more stuff. Maybe FAQ in the Scripts and Programming forum can be added here.
What is being covered?
- The Computer Language lists
- HTML
- XHTML
- CSS
- PHP
- JavaScript
- VBScript
- CGI
- Perl
- C
- C++
- Python
- Java
The Computer Language lists
Scripting: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language
Programming: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetical_list_of_programming_languages
Markup: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language
Query: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_language
HTML
HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of labels (known as tags), surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code which can affect the behavior of web browsers and other HTML processors.
HTML is also often used to refer to content of the MIME type text/html or even more broadly as a generic term for HTML whether in its XML-descended form (such as XHTML 1.0 and later) or its form descended directly from SGML (such as HTML 4.01 and earlier).
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
File extension: .html, .htm
MIME type: text/html
Type code: TEXT
Uniform Type Identifier: public.html
Developed by: World Wide Web Consortium
Type of format: Markup language
Extended to: XHTML
Standard(s): W3C HTML 4.01 & W3C HTML 3.2
XHTML
The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax.
Whereas HTML is an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because they need to be well-formed, true XHTML documents allow for automated processing to be performed using standard XML tools—unlike HTML, which requires a relatively complex, lenient, and generally custom parser. XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML. XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C recommendation on May 31, 2001.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML
File extension: .xhtml, .xht, .html, .htm
MIME type: application/xhtml+xml
Developed by: World Wide Web Consortium
Type of format: Markup language
Extended from: XML, HTML
Standard(s): 1.0 (Recommendation), 1.1 (Recommendation), 1.1 SE (Working Draft), 2.0 (Working Draft)
CSS
In web development, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.
CSS is used by both the authors and readers of web pages to define colors, fonts, layout, and other aspects of document presentation. It is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation (written in CSS). This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentational characteristics, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content. CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998).
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets
File extension: .css
MIME type: text/css
Developed by: World Wide Web Consortium
Type of format: Stylesheet language
Standard(s): Level 1 (Recommendation), Level 2 (Recommendation), Level 2 Revision 1 (Candidate Recommendation)
PHP
PHP is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages.[1] PHP is used mainly in server-side scripting, but can be used from a command line interface or in standalone graphical applications. Textual User Interfaces can also be created using ncurses. PHP is a recursive initialism for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
The main implementation is produced by The PHP Group and released under the PHP License. This implementation serves to define a de facto standard for PHP, as there is no formal specification.The most recent version of PHP is 5.2.4, released on 30 August 2007. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.[2]
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Php
Paradigm: imperative, object-oriented
Appeared in: 1995
Designed by: Rasmus Lerdorf
Developer: The PHP Group
Latest release: 5.2.4/ 30 August 2007
Typing discipline: Dynamic, weak (duck typing)
Influenced by: C, Perl, Java, C++, Python
OS: Cross-platform
License: PHP License
Website:http://php.net/
Javascript
JavaScript is a scripting language most often used for client-side web development. "JavaScript" is an implementation of the ECMAScript standard.
JavaScript is a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to have a similar look to Java, but be easier for non-programmers to work with.[1] The language is best known for its use in websites (as client-side JavaScript), but is also used to enable scripting access to objects embedded in other applications.
Despite the name, JavaScript is unrelated to the Java programming language; though both have a common debt to C syntax. The language was renamed from LiveScript in a co-marketing deal between Netscape and Sun in exchange for Netscape bundling Sun's Java runtime with their browser, which was dominant at the time. JavaScript semantics is much more similar to the Self programming language.
"JavaScript" is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. It was used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications and current entities such as the Mozilla Foundation.[2]
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javascript
Paradigm: multi-paradigm
Appeared in: 1995
Designed by: Brendan Eich
Developer: Netscape Communications Corporation, Mozilla Foundation
Typing discipline: dynamic, weak, duck
Major implementations: SpiderMonkey, Rhino, KJS, JavaScriptCore
Dialects: JScript, JScript .NET
Influenced by: Self (semantics), C (syntax), Scheme (functional features), Perl (regular expressions), Python (1.7 features)
VBScript
VBScript (short for Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft. The language's syntax reflects its pedigree as a limited variation of Microsoft's Visual Basic programming language. VBScript is installed as default in every desktop release of the Windows Operating System (OS) since Windows 98, and may or may not be included with Windows CE depending on the configuration and purpose of the device it is running on. It initially gained support from Windows administrators seeking an automation tool more powerful than the batch language first developed in the late 1970s. A VBScript script must be executed within a host environment, of which there are several provided on a standard install of Microsoft Windows (Windows Script Host, Windows Internet Explorer). Additionally, The VBScript hosting environment is embeddable in other programs, through technologies such as the Microsoft Script control (msscript.ocx).
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScript
CGI
The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol for interfacing external application software with an information server, commonly a web server. This allows the server to pass requests from a client web browser to the external application. The web server can then return the output from the application to the web browser.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface
Perl
Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. Perl borrows features from a variety of other languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, sed and Lisp.[1]
Structurally, Perl is based on the brace-delimited block style of AWK and C, and was widely adopted for its strengths in string processing and lack of the arbitrary limitations of many scripting languages at the time.[2]
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
Paradigm: Multi-paradigm
Appeared in: 1987
Designed by: Larry Wall
Latest release: 5.8.8/ January 31, 2006
Typing discipline: Dynamic
Influenced by: AWK, BASIC, BASIC-PLUS, C, C++, Lisp, Pascal, Python, sed, Unix shell
Influenced: Python, PHP, Ruby, ECMAScript
OS: Cross-platform
License: GNU General Public License, Artistic License
Website: http://www.perl.org/
C
C is a general-purpose, block structured, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.[1] It has since spread to many other platforms. Although C was designed as a system implementation language,[2][3] it is also widely used for applications. C has also greatly influenced many other popular languages,[4] most notably C++, C# and Java.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming
Paradigm: imperative (procedural) systems implementation language
Appeared in: 1972
Designed by: Dennis Ritchie
Developer: Dennis Ritchie & Bell Labs
Typing discipline: static, weak
Major implementations: GCC, MSVC, Borland C, Watcom C
Influenced by: B (BCPL,CPL), ALGOL 68, Assembly
Influenced: awk, csh, C++, C#, Objective-C, BitC, D, Java, JavaScript, Limbo, Perl, PHP
C++
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus", IPA: /'si? 'pl?s 'pl?s/) is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. It is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, usually compiled language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming.
C++ is regarded as a mid-level language. This indicates that C++ comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features.[1]
Dr. Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C programming language and named it "C with Classes". In 1983 it was renamed to C++. Enhancements started with the addition of classes, followed by, among other features, virtual functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates, and exception handling. The C++ programming language standard was ratified in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, the current version of which is the 2003 version, ISO/IEC 14882:2003. A new version of the standard (known informally as C++0x) is being developed.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B
Paradigm: Multi-paradigm
Appeared in: 1983
Designed by: Bjarne Stroustrup
Typing discipline: Static, unsafe, nominative
Major implementations: G++, Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++ Builder
Dialects: ISO/IEC C++ 1998, ISO/IEC C++ 2003
Influenced by: C, Simula, Ada 83, ALGOL 68, CLU, ML
Influenced: Ada 95, C#, Java, PHP, D, Aikido
Python
Python is a high-level programming language first released by Guido van Rossum in 1991.[2] Python is designed around a philosophy which emphasizes readability[3] and the importance of programmer effort over computer effort. Python core syntax and semantics are minimalist, while the standard library is large and comprehensive. Community practices in Python programming have led to the recognition of a Python philosophy.
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language (functional, object oriented and imperative) which has a fully dynamic type system and uses automatic memory management; it is thus similar to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, and Tcl.
The language has an open, community-based development model managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation. While various parts of the language have formal specifications and standards, the language as a whole is not formally specified. The de facto standard for the language is the CPython implementation.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29
Paradigm: Multi-paradigm
Appeared in: 1991
Designed by: Guido van Rossum
Developer: Python Software Foundation
Latest release: 2.5.1/ April 18, 2007
Latest unstable release: 3.0a1/ August 31, 2007
Typing discipline: Strong, dynamic ("duck typing")
Major implementations: CPython, Jython, IronPython, PyPy
Dialects: Stackless Python, RPython
Influenced by: ABC, ALGOL 68[1], C, Haskell, Icon, Lisp, Modula-3, Perl, Java
Influenced: Ruby, Boo, Groovy
OS: Cross-platform
License: Python Software Foundation License
Website: http://www.python.org/
Tutorial - Python Getting Start Tutorial
Java
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling of Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C but has a simpler object model and fewer low level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode which can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun made available most of their Java technologies as free software under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java and GNU Classpath.
Java's design, industry backing, and portability have made Java one of the fastest growing and most widely used programming languages in the modern computing industry.
More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_programming
Paradigm: Object-oriented, structured, imperative
Appeared in: 1995
Designed by: Sun Microsystems
Typing discipline: Static, strong, safe, nominative
Major implementations: Numerous
Influenced by: Objective-C, Smalltalk, Eiffel,[1], autoboxing, varargs and annotations), after they were introduced in the similar (and competing) C# language. [1][2]
Influenced: C#, D, J#, Ada 2005, ECMAScript, Scala
OS: Cross-platform
License: GNU General Public License / Java Community Process
Website: http://java.sun.com/
